negra corpus

List of the grammatical functions (edge labels) used in the NEGRA project

AC adpositional case marker MW way (directional modifier)
ADC adjective component NG negation 
AMS measure argument of adj NK noun kernel modifier 
APP apposition NMC numerical component 
AVC adverbial phrase component OA accusative object 
CC comparative complement OA2 second accusative object 
CD coordinating conjunction OC clausal object 
CJ conjunct OG genitive object 
CM comparative concjunction PD predicate
CP complementizer PG pseudo-genitive
DA dative PH placeholder
DH discourse-level head PM morphological particle
DM discourse marker PNC proper noun component 
GL prenominal genitive  RC relative clause 
GR postnominal genitive RE repeated element 
HD head RS reported speech
JU junctor SB subject 
MC comitative SBP passivised subject (PP) 
MI instrumental  SP subject or predicate
ML locative SVP separable verb prefix
MNR postnominal modifier UC (idiosyncratic) unit component 
MO modifier VO vocative 
MR rhetorical modifier

AC adpositional case markerauf/up

Preposition/postposition in a PP, annotated as a sister constituent of the determiner, adjectives, noun etc.

Possible parent node labels: PP
Possible node labels: APPR, APPO, APZR (lexical) CAC (phrasal)

    PP
+---+---+
AC  NK  NK
|   |   |
auf dem Dach

ADC adjective component auf/up

Component of a multi-token adjective (MTA)

Possible parent node labels: MTA
Possible node labels: NE, ADJA, ADJD ADC ADC

Example:
die [MTA: Bad Muenstereifeler] Buerger

AMS measure argument of an adjective/adverbauf/up

Possible parent node labels: AP, AVP
Possible node labels: NP, NM, CARD, NN, AP, ...

Accusative-marked measure arguments like:

+------AP--+
AMS        |
|         |
+--NP+--+ |
|    |  |
[[zwanzig Jahre] alt]

APP appositionauf/up

"inserted" phrase, further specifying/modifying the entity described by the matrix NP.

Possible parent node labels:  NP, PP
Possible node labels: NP, PP, AP, AVP, VP, PPER, ...

Examples:
NK  NK    APP
der Mann, [ein Mittvierziger]

Exceptions:

  1. post-nominal APs and VPs
  2. nouns/NPs that do not have the form of an "insertion"

AVC adverbial phrase componentauf/up

Component of a head-less AVP like [immer wieder]

Possible node labels: ADV
Possible parent node labels: AVP

CC comparative complementauf/up

Argument of comparative adjectives/adverbs, sometimes of nouns:

Possible node labels: NP, PP, S, VP, ...
Possible parent node: AP, AVP, NP

Examples:
+--AP---+
HD      CC
juenger [als er]
[als wir dachten]
....
+-NP--+
NK    CC
einer [wie du]

CD coordinating conjunctionauf/up

Possible node labels: KON, (ADV)
Possible parent nodes:  CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO

Examples:
CJ     CD  CJ
[Peter und Anna]

CJ conjunctauf/up

Constituent participating in coordination (cf. CD)

Possible node labels: any!
Possible parent nodes:  CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO

CM comparative conjunctionauf/up

`wie', `als' and `denn' in comparative constructions

Possible node labels: KOKOM
Possible parent nodes:  any, edgelabel CC

+-NP-+
CM   NK
besser [als Peter]

CP complementizerauf/up

Complementizer introducing a subordinate clause or a VP

Possible node labels: KOUI, KOUS
Possible parent nodes:  S, VP

Examples:
                 S
+---+--+----+
CP  SB OA   HD
dass er uns kennt

   VP
+--+------+
CP OA     VVIZU
um ihn    anzurufen

DA dativeauf/up

Dative object/`free dative'

Possible node labels: NP, NN, NE, AP, NM, MPN, PPER, ...
Possible parent nodes:  S, VP, AP, AVP(?)

Examples:
      S
+--+--+-----+
SB HD DA    OA
er gab mir ein Buch

DH discourse-level headauf/up

Head of a discourse-level constituent (DL)

Possible node labels: S, ?NP, VP, ...
Possible parent nodes: DL

Example:
             RS                    DH
[ ["Lass mich in Ruhe!"] [aergerte sich Peter] ]

DM discourse markerauf/up

Basically, `ja', `nein', etc.

Possible node labels: PTKANT
Possible parent nodes: S, VP

DM  SB  HD
Ja, das funktioniert.

GL prenominal genitiveauf/up

Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Example:
GL     NK
Peters Onkel

GR postnominal genitiveauf/up

Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Example:
NK  NK        GR
Das Interesse [der Studenten]

HD headauf/up

(self-explanatory)

Possible node labels: any
Possible parent nodes: S, VP, AP, AVP

There is no explicitly marked head in NPs, PPs, DLs and coordinated constituents.

JU junctorauf/up

like CD, but with only one conjunct.

Possible node labels: KON, ADV
Possible parent nodes: S (VP?)...

Example:
JU  SB    HD   SVP
Und Peter ging weg.

MNR postnominal modifierauf/up

Postnominal NP/PP modifier (or complement).

Possible node labels: PP, NP, VP, PROAV, CPP, CVP, AP, CAP, ...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

Examples:
NK  NK   MNR
das Haus [in Hamburg]

NK  NK       MNR
der Verzicht [auf Atomwaffen]

NK  NK    MNR
das Haus, [1888 errichtet]

MO modifier auf/up

MO denotes different functions in different phrases:

  1. in S/VPs/APs: - modifiers (adjuncts) - prepositional objects


    2. Possible node labels: PP, PROAV, CPP, NP, VP, ...
    Possible parent nodes: S,VP,AP,AVP

    Example:
    SB HD     MO    MO
    er wartet hier auf mich

  2. in NPs/PPs: - focus adverbs such as: `nur', `auch', `sogar', `vor allem'


    3. Possible node labels: ADV, (PP), AVP
    Possible parent nodes: NP, PP

    Example:
    MO  AC NK        NK
    nur am kommenden Freitag

NG negation auf/up

the negation particle `nicht' (also modified)

Possible node labels: PTKNEG, AVP (if modified)
Possible parent nodes: any

Examples:
SB HD       NG
Er schlaeft nicht.

SB HD       NG
            +-AVP-+
            MO    HD
            |      |
Er schlaeft gar nicht.

NK noun kernel modifierauf/up

NMC numerical componentauf/up

Part of a multi-token number (NM)

Possible node labels: CARD, ART, NN
Possible mother node: NMC

Examples:
NMC          NMC
[NM: 10 000] Leute

NMC                 NMC
[NM: eine Million] Leute

OA accusative objectauf/up

Accusative objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives

Possible node labels: NP, CNP, NN, NE, MPN, etc.
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP

Examples:
SB  HD   OA
ich sehe ihn

[AP: OA HD ]
ich bin es gewohnt

OA2 second accusative objectauf/up

second accusative objects of verbs like `lehren'

Possible labels - see OA.

Examples:
SB HD     OA  OA2
er lehrte ihn Deutsch

OC clausal objectauf/up

VP/S subcategorised by a verb, adjective or a noun.

Possible node labels: S, CS, VP, CVP, VZ, CVZ, VVFIN, ...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP, NP, PP

Examples:
SB HD  OC
er hat geschlafen

SB HD         [ OC ]
er verspricht, uns zu besuchen

SB  HD   OC
die Tuer wird geoeffnet

SB  HD     [ OC ]
ich weiss, dass er kommt

NK  NK         [ OC ]
der Beschluss, ein Haus zu bauen

[AP: HD OC ]
er ist bereit zu gehen

OG genitive objectauf/up

Genitive objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives

Possible labels: - see OA.

Examples:
SB HD      OG
es bedarf grosser Anstrengungen

[AP: OG HD ]
er ist des Englischen maechtig

PD predicateauf/up

Predicative AP/NP/PP, typically in a copular construction

Possible node labels: AP, ADJD, AVP, PP, NP, VP...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP

SB HD PD
Peter ist/wird krank

SB HD PD
Die Tuer ist offen/geoeffnet

SB HD PD
Karl ist Lehrer

SB HD PD
Hans ist in Berlin

NB:

PG pseudo-genitiveauf/up

A `von'-PP used instead of an adnominal genitive

Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP

Example:
PG
der Hut [von Peter] (cf. Peters Hut)

PH placeholderauf/up

A pronominal adverb or pronoun (`es') correlating with an extraposed constituent.

Possible node labels: PROAV, PPER (es)
Possible mother nodes: PP, NP

Examples:
PH RE
Ich glaube nicht [PP: daran, [dass er kommt]]

PH RE
Er liebt [NP: es, [ein Auto zu fahren]]

PH RE
[NP: Es] ist schade, [NP: dass ...]

PH RE
[NP: Es] kam [NP: [nichts Interessantes]]

PM morphological particleauf/up

Just two cases: the infinitival `zu' (zu gehen) the adjectival (superlative) `am' (am besten)

Possible node labels: PTKA, PTKZU
Possible mother nodes: VZ, AA

Examples:
PM HD
[VZ: zu singen]

PM HD
[AA: am schlechtesten]

PNC proper noun componentauf/up

every daughter node of a multi-token proper name (MPN)

Possible node labels: NE, NN
Possible mother nodes: MPN

Example:
PNC PNC PNC
[MPN: Peter J. Mueller]

RC relative clauseauf/up

A relative clause is a relative clause :-)

Possible node labels: S, CS
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP, S, VP, AP?

Examples:
NK  NK    [ RC ]
ein Mann, den wir nicht kennen

SB HD        [ RC ]
Er schlaeft, was mir nicht gefaellt

RE repeated elementauf/up

An extraposed (or, sometimes, fronted) constituent replaced in situ by a correlate (placeholder, PH)

Examples: cf. PH

RS reported speechauf/up

The complementary function to DH (discourse head) in a DL phrase.

Examples: cf. DH, DL (node label)

SB subjectauf/up

A subject is a subject :-) Possible only within S.

Possible node labels: NP, S, CNP, VP, CVP, PPER, NN, NE...
Possible mother node: S

SB HD OA
Der Mann kennt uns

SB HD OA NG
[Was er sagt,] interessiert mich nicht

SBP passivised subject (PP)auf/up

"by-phrase": a PP with the preposition `von', expressing the logical subject of a passive verb form.

Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: VP, AP (inflected participles only)

Examples:
SBP   HD
Peter wurde [VP: von jemanden gesehen ]

[AP: SBP HD ]
die von uns bevorzugte Loesung

NB: `von' only, not `durch'!

SP subject or predicateauf/up

Used only if the SB/PD distinction cannot be made consistently.

Example:
SP HD SP
Peter war Paul

SVP separable verb prefixauf/up

Possible node labels: PTKVZ
Possible mother nodes: S (VP)

Example:
SB HD SVP
Das Kind schlaeft ein

UC (idiosyncratic) unit componentauf/up

VO vocativeauf/up

Example:
VO MO HD SB MO SVP
Hans, wo gehst du jetzt hin?

zurück/backheim/homevowärts/forward