File cas_spec.doc.910731  Last Modified 7/31/91

This document specifies version 2 of the DARPA/ATIS Common Answer
Specification, as revised 11/1/90.  The changes are to allow CAS
forms with "OR" connecting alternates and to allow certain strings
to not be enclosed in quotation marks.

BASIC SYNTAX IN BNF:

       <answer>  ::=  <cas1> | (<cas1> <casn>+)
         <casn>  ::=  OR <cas1>
         <cas1>  ::=  <scalar-value> | <relation> | NO_ANSWER | no_answer
  <scalar-value> ::= <boolean-value> | <number-value> | <string>
 <boolean-value> ::=  YES | yes | TRUE | true | NO | no | FALSE | false
  <number-value> ::= <integer> | <real-number>
      <integer>  ::= <sign> <digit>+ | <digit>+ 
          <sign> ::= + | -
         <digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
   <real-number> ::= <sign> <digit>+ . <digit>* | <digit>+ . <digit>*
        <string> ::= <char_except_whitespace>+ | "<char>*"
      <relation> ::= (<tuple>*)
         <tuple> ::= (<value>+)
         <value> ::= <scalar-value> | NIL


Standard BNF notation has been extended to include two other common
devices : "<A>+" means "one or more A's" and  "<A>*" means "zero or
more A's".

The above formulation does not define <char_except_whitespace> and
<char>.  All of the standard ASCII characters count as members of
<char>, and all but "white space" count as <char_except_whitespace>.
Following ANSI "C", blanks, horizontal and vertical tabs, newlines,
formfeeds, and comments are, collectively, "white space".

The only change in the syntax of CAS itself from the previous version
is that now a string may be represented as either a sequence of characters
not containing white space or as a sequence of any characters enclosed
in quotation marks.  Note that only non-exponential real numbers are
allowed, and that empty tuples are not allowed (but empty relations are).

ADDITIONAL SYNTACTIC CONSTRAINTS

   The syntactic classes  <boolean-value>, <string>, and <number-value>
define the types "boolean", "string", and "number", respectively.
All the tuples in a relation must have the same number of values, and those
values must be of the same respective types (boolean, string, or number).

   If a token could represent either a string or a number, it will
be taken to be a number; if it could represent either a string or a 
boolean, it will be taken to be a boolean.  Interpretation as a
string may be forced by enclosing a token in quotation marks.

   In a tuple, NIL as the representation of missing data is allowed as a
special case for any value, so a legal answer indicating the costs of
ground transportation in Boston would be

   (("L"   5.00 ) ("R"    nil ) ("A"    nil ) ("R"    nil ))


ELEMENTARY RULES FOR CAS COMPARISONS

String comparison is case-sensitive, but the distinguished values
(YES, NO, TRUE, FALSE, NO_ANSWER, and NIL) may be written in either
upper or lower case.

Each indexical position for a value in a tuple (say, the ith) is assumed
to represent the same field or variable in all the tuples in a given
relation.

Answer relations must be derived from the existing relations in the
database, either by subsetting and combining relations or by
operations like averaging, summation, etc. 

In matching an hypothesized (HYP) CAS form with a reference (REF)
one, the order of values in the tuples is not important; nor is
the order of tuples in a relation, nor the order of alternatives
in a CAS form using "OR".  The scoring algorithm will use the
re-ordering that maximizes the indicated score.  Extra values
in a tuple are not counted as errors, but distinct extra tuples
in a relation are.  A tuple is not distinct if its values for the
fields specified by the REF cas are the same as another tuple in
the relation; these duplicate tuples are ignored.

CAS forms that include alternate CAS's connected with "OR" are
intended to allow a single HYP form to match any one of several
REF CAS forms.  If the HYP CAS form contains alternates, the
score is undefined.

In comparing two real number values, a tolerance will be allowed;
the default is plus or minus .01%.  No tolerance is allowed in the
comparison of integers.  In comparing two strings, initial and final
sub-strings of white space are ignored.  In comparing boolean values,
"TRUE" and "YES" are equivalent, as are "FALSE" and "NO".


CAS FILES


 (NIST Standard ATIS Answer File Specification     Ver. 1.0  6/5/90)

  The answers to ATIS queries must be in an ASCII text file,
each answer in CAS form, sequenced as in the associated "ndx" file.
Any material following the first appearance of ";" on a line will
be treated as comments.  Blank lines will be ignored.  The
utterance i.d. should be on a comment line immediately preceding
the answer CAS for the utterance.