%=========================
\section{Word Annotations}
%=========================
\label{app:annotations}
\newcommand{\desw}[2]{\parbox[t]{8em}{{\bf #1}}\parbox[t]{31.7em}{#2}\\}

\hrule
\vspace*{1em}

The words spoken are entered in ESPS annotation files that end in {\bf
.words}, which are associated with each utterance file.  Each word is
indicated at the ending point of the word in the speech signal using
its orthographic spelling.  This should be the point that best
separates the current word from the next so that when listening to
each word individualy, there is a minimum of sound from the
neighboring words.  This will usually be at a trough in the amplitude
of the speech signal.

%--------------------------------
\subsection{Silences and Breaths}
%--------------------------------

In order to capture word durations, we also mark other phenomena in
the word layer. This includes breaths within the utterance, and
noticeable silences, which disrupt the flow of speech.  As with words,
these are labelled at the end of the breath or silence, with a {\bf
$<$brth$>$} or {\bf $<$sil$>$}, respectively.  Only silences that are
perceptible should be transcribed.

There is typically a silence or a breath at the beginning of an
utterance file.  These also need to be marked so that the duration of
the first word can be computed.


%------------------------------------------
\subsection{Disfluencies and Partial Words}
%------------------------------------------

When possible, words should be transcribed using their standard
spelling; do not try to capture the way a word was spoken by modifying
its normal spelling.  Disfluencies that are not identifiable words
should be transcribed as they sound, with a dash, `-', at the end of
the word.  These include words that are so misspoken that the intended
word is not recognizable.  In cases when the word is recognizable but
cut off, it should be labelled by spelling as much of the word as can be
heard, followed by a dash.  For example ``oran-'' would label the word
``orange'' that was interrupted before the ``g'' sound.

If the word that was cut off midstream, but the word that the speaker
intended to say is obvious, then the rest of the word should be included
in parentheses.  For instance, in the above, it would be transcribed as
``oran(ge)-''.

Sometimes when a speaker is trying to interrupt the other person, she
will start to say a word and then give up.  The resulting sound should
be transcribed as a partial word.  

When multiple sounds are emitting in a row, they should be transcribed
as a single partial word, unless there is a perceptible silence in
between the two sounds.

%--------------------------------------------
\subsection{Capital Letters and Proper Names}
%--------------------------------------------

Capital letters should only be used to begin proper names, such as
``Corning'' and for the pronoun ``I''.  Engine names, such as ``E2'' are
problematic, since they could be viewed as a proper name.  However, we
will transcribe them as two words ``E'' and ``two'.

A partial word should only be capitalized if its completion is clear,
and that completion is a proper name.  In this case, the completion
will be put in parentheses.  So, for the city ``Corning'', ``Corn-'' is
not exceptable, but either ``Corn(ing)-'' or ``corn-'' is (the second
case is where it is not clear to the transcriber that the speaker was
going to say ``Corning''.

%-------------------------------
\subsection{Mispronounced Words}
%-------------------------------

Mispronounced words should in general be spelt correctly, unless the
misspelling is needed in order to understand the subsequent dialogue.
For instance, if the speaker says ``Dansvull'', and later corrects
herself by saying ``Dansville'', then the first occurance should be
spelt in a way that reflects the mispronunciation.  

%-------------------
\subsection{Numbers}
%-------------------

Numbers should be spelled out in full, as they are said.  For
instance, if a speaker says ``104'' as ``one oh four'', this is what
should be transcribed, as three words.

%-----------------
\subsection{Times}
%-----------------

Each component of a time, should be spell out in full.  The words
``a.m.'' and ``p.m.''  should be spelled as such.  For instance ``four
p.m.'' should be annotated as two words.

%--------------------------------------------
\subsection{Common Words in Spoken Dialogues}
%--------------------------------------------

There are a number of words that are common in spoken dialogues that
do not occur in written forms.  This section discusses how such words
should be transcribed.  Where possible, we use the spelling from
\namecite{quirk-etal:85:book}.

%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
\subsubsection{Filled Pauses}
%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Filled pauses are very common in natural dialogue.  There seem to be
two types, ones that sound like ``uh'' and ones that sound like
``um''.  The endings of these words are often prolonged, thus tempting
transcribers to label it is ``ummm''.  Rather, these words should be
classified as either ``um'' or ``uh'', and transcribed as such.  We
also include ``er'', which is more common in British accents.  Note
that the filled-pauses should never be transcribed as partial words.

\desbegin
\desw{um}{Filled pause.}
\desw{uh}{Filled pause.}
\desw{er}{Filled pause.  More common in British English.}

%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 
\subsubsection{Acknowledgments}
%- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

The following is a list of commonly occurring acknowledgments, and how
they should be spelt.  

\desbegin
\desw{okay}  {Agreement.  Speakers will often produce variants of this,
such as ``kay'', ``mkay'', ``umkay''.  All of these variants should be
spelt as ``okay''}
\desw{uh-huh}{Agreement.}
\desw{uh-hm} {Agreement.}
\desw{mm-hm} {Agreement.}
\desw{uh-uh} {Disagreement.}
\desw{mm}    {Agreement, stalling for time}
\desw{huh}   {Request for clarification. Puzzlement.}
\desw{hm}    {Stalling for time.}
\desw{nah}   {Informal version of ``no''.}
\desw{nope}  {Informal version of ``no''.}
\desw{a-ha}   {Interjection denoting surprise, as in ``aha! I found it'', rather than \\ ``uh-huh'' as an acknowledgement}
\desw{ha}    {Interjection, similar to ``aha''.}
\desw{oh}    {Surprise.}
\desw{ooh}   {As in ``ooh, that's gross.''}
\desw{yeah}  {Informal version of ``yes''}
\desw{yep}   {Informal version of ``yes''}

%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
\subsubsection{Contractions}
%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Contractions, that are common, should be written as one word.  The
following is a list of common contraction endings.  Note that there
can often be an ambiguity as to whether the speaker was saying the
words as one or as two individual words, especially since words are
often blurred together.  If in doubt, annotate the word pair as two
separate words, spelling out the second in full.

\desbegin
\desw{'ll}  {for ``will''}
\desw{'ve}  {for ``have''}
\desw{n't}  {for ``not''}
\desw{'re}  {for ``are''}
\desw{'s}   {for ``is''}

All other contractions are left to the transcriber's discretion as to whether
they should be transcribed as one word or two.

%- - - - - - - - - - - - -
\subsubsection{Word Pairs}
%- - - - - - - - - - - - -

There are some word pairs that are so altered (in pronounciation) that
they seem to be one lexical item.  Such pairs can be transcribed as
single words.  Below, we give some common word pairs.

\desbegin
\desw{lemme}  {for ``let me''}
\desw{wanna}  {for ``want to''}
\desw{gonna}  {for ``going to''}
\desw{gotta}  {for ``going to''}


%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
\subsection{Other Phenomena}
%- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Laughter, tongue clicking, and other phenomenon can be transcribed in
the word tier if it does not overlap with the speaker's speech.  Such
phenomena should be enclosed in angle brackets.  Common transcriptions
are given below.

\desbegin
\desw{$<$click$>$}{Obvious tongue-clicking}
\desw{$<$clicks$>$}{Tongue-clickings.  Usually made to fill a silence.}
\desw{$<$sigh$>$}{}
\desw{$<$clear-throat$>$}{Throat clearing, and coughs.}
\desw{$<$laughter$>$}{}
\desw{$<$mumble$>$}{Incomprehensible word or words.  Perhaps not even intended for the other conversant to hear.}
% leave a blank line here

\noindent
\desw{$<$noise$>$}{Noises that the speaker unintentionally makes, as well as other noises.}
\desw{$<$filled-pause$>$}{Speaker-specific sounds that the speaker makes to fill a silences.}




